CSS JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION SYLLABUS

Journalism & Mass Communication

CSS JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION SYLLABUS 
Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

I. Introduction to Mass Communication

• Concept – Definitions, Need/Importance/Purposes, Types of Communication, Process of Communication, Basic Models.
• Functions of a model, Evaluation of a model
• Basic models in Mass Communication:-
  – Lasswell’s Model (1948)
  – Shannon-Weaver model (1948)
  – Osgood’s model (1954)
  – Schramm’s model (1954)
  – Newcomb’s symmetry theory (1953)
  – Westley-McLean’s model (1976)
  – Gerbner model (1956)

II. Mass Communication Theories

• Normative theories of the press: Schramm’s four theories and criticism on these theories
• Media as agents of power
• The Spiral of silence
• Media Usage and gratifications
• Media hegemony
• Diffusion of innovations
• Powerful effects model: hypodermic needle, magic bullet theory.
• Moderate effects model: two-step and multi-step flow of communication.
• Powerful media revisited: Marshal McLuhan’s media determinism

III. Global / International Communication

• The Historical Context of International Communication
• Globalization, technology, and the mass media
• Communication and Cultural imperialism
• Communication Flow in Global Media: Imbalance in the flow of information between North and South
• McBride commission and its recommendations
• International Communication in the Internet Age: the new social media and its effects on developing world

IV. Media and Society

• Mass media and social change
• Media as a social system: The balance between interrelation and interdependence
• Media freedom and its role for democracy,
• The functional approach to mass media: four social functions of the media
• Media as an awareness agent
• Mass media and social representation

V. Mass Media in Pakistan:

• Media system in Pakistan: historical, chronological, and analytical review
• The system of journalism and the media system
• Employer-employee relations in Pakistani media
• Government-press relations
• Press in Pakistan: The newspaper industry, from mission to the market
• Electronic media: from total dependence to enormous power
• The new 24/7 television: uses and abuses
• The new radio: potential for change and the present performance.
• The question of freedom and responsibility

VI. Development Support Communication

• Theories of development support communication with specific focus on the developing world
• The dominant paradigm of development: historical, analytical perspective
• The Alternative paradigm of development
• Small is beautiful: community development as a snowball effect.
• Globalization vs Localization
• Glocalization
• Social Marketing: how to infuse new ideas into a developing population

VII. Public Relations:

• Concept of Public Relations
• Historical development of public relations: from press agentry to PR
• Public relation in Pakistan
• Ministry of information
• Press Information Department (PID)
• Public relations and publicity
• PR as a tool for governance
• Private PR agencies and their structure
• Basic methods of PR: press release, press note, press conference
• PR Ethics

VIII. Media Laws and Ethics:

• History of Media Laws in Pakistan
• Development of media regulations from British colonial era to independent Pakistan
• Libel, Defamation and relevant portions of PPC
• PPO, RPPPO
• PEMRA: establishment, development, and operational mechanisms
• Press Council of Pakistan (PCP)
• Citizens Media Commission: need, present status, and reasons for inactivity
• Press Code of Ethics
• Inability of the media to develop a code of ethics as an institution
• The media’s quest for freedom and its inability to self regulate.

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CSS Philosophy Syllabus

Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

I. Introduction:
Definition, Nature and Scope of Philosophy

II. Philosophical Methods:
Socratic Method (Socrates); Inductive Method (Bacon, Mill); Deductive Method (Aristotle, Descartes); Dialectical Method (Hegel); Fallibilistic Method (Popper).

III. Epistemology: Rationalism (Plato, Descartes, Spinoza); Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume); Transcendentalism (Kant); Intuitionism (Bergson)

IV. Ontology: Idealism (Plato, Berkeley); Representative Realism (Locke); Historical and Dialectical Materialism (Marx)

V. Ethics: What is morality? The challenge of cultural relativism; Does morality depend on religion? Psychological and ethical egoism: Virtue Ethics (Aristotle); Moral Absolutism (Kant), Utilitarianism (J.S. Mill); Social Contract Theory (Hobbes, Rawls)

VI. Muslim Thinkers: Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushid, Ibn Khaldun, Shah Waliullah, Muhammad Iqbal.

VII. Contemporary Philosophical Movements:
Existentialism (Heidegger, Sartre); Pragmatism (Peirce, James, Dewey); Neo-pragmatism (Rorty); Postmodernism (Lyotard, Foucault, Derrida).

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CSS Criminology Syllabus

Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

Section – I (25 Marks)

I. Introduction
Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal behaviour.

II. Understanding Criminology
Definition, meaning and scope of criminology; Criminology and criminal law; Crime as social problem; Deviance, Sin Vice, Evil, Norms, Values; Security (Physical, Social, Economic).

III. Crime and Criminals
Occasional criminals, Habitual criminals, Professional criminals, White-collar crime, Organized crime, corporate crimes.

IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives
Early explanation of criminal behavior

• Biological Theories; Psychological Theories; Sociological Theories.
  – Social Disorganization theory
  – Strain theory
  – Social Control theory
  – Learning theory
  – Labeling Theory
• Islamic perspective on deviance and crime.

Section – II (25 Marks)

V. Juvenile Delinquency
Meaning, definitions (Behavioral Vs Legal), Juvenile delinquent Vs status offender, Official statistics of juvenile delinquency

VI. Juvenile Justice System

• Role of police
• Juvenile court process:
  – pretrial, trial and sentencing
  – Role of prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
• Juvenile correctional institutions; probation and non-punitive alternatives

VII. The Criminal Justice System:

• Police and its role
• Trial and Conviction of Offenders
  – Agencies: formal and informal
  – Criminal courts: procedures and problems
  – Role of prosecutors
• Prisons, Probation and Parole

VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals
Corporal punishment, Imprisonment, Rehabilitation of criminals.

Section – III (25 Marks)

IX. Criminal Investigation
Principles of criminal investigation, Manual of preliminary investigation, Intelligence operations, Data base investigation, Electronic investigation, Forensic Investigation.

X. Techniques of Investigations
Gathering information from persons, Interviewing and interrogation techniques, Criminal investigation analysis,

XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators
Stop and frisk operations, Arrest procedures, Search and seizure

XII. International Policing and Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations
UNAFEI, INTERPOL, EUROPOL, UNODC, UNICEF, IPA, etc.

Section – IV (25 Marks)

XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology

• Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
• Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
• Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
  – Intelligence-led Policing
  – Community Policing
  – Private Public Partnership
• Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
• Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime
• Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially of Children; Women and Minorities; The role of civil society and NGOs
• Money-laundering
• Cyber Crime
• Role of NAB, FIA, ANF

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CSS Mercantile Law Syllabus

Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

I. Law of Contract, 1872

• Definitions
• Essentials of a valid contract (Proposal, Acceptance, Consideration, Free consent, Capacity of Parties, Not hereby declared to be Void)
• Kinds of Contracts (Valid, Void, Voidable, Not Voidable)
• Variety of Contracts (Contingent, Quasi, Bailment, Pledge, Indemnity, Agency)
• Performance of Contract, contracts that need not to be performed
• Breach of contract, consequences of breach, damages for breach of contract

II. Sales of Goods Act, 1930

• Definitions
• Differences: Sale & agreement to sell, conditions and warranties, express & implied conditions
• Doctrines: Caveat emptor, Nemo dat
• Right and duties of seller & buyer, rights of unpaid seller

III. Partnership Act, 1932

• Definitions
• Essentials of partnership
• Kinds of partnership (partnership at will, particular partnership, limited partnership)
• Rights and duties of Partners
• Relation of partners to third persons (implied authority of partner, doctrine of holding out)
• Incoming and outgoing partners (minor)
• Dissolution of firms (compulsory, by agreement, by court, by notice on happening of contingencies)

IV. Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881

• Definitions
• Types of negotiable instruments (Cheque, bill of exchange, promissory note)
• Parties to instruments, holder & holder in due course
• Rules (as to negotiation, presentment, payment & interest, discharge, noting and protest, compensation, acceptance, payment for honour)
• Special rules of evidence
• Special provisions relating to cheques & bills of exchange (dishonor, duties of banker)
• Provisions as to foreign instruments

V. Competition Act, 2010

• Definitions
• Prohibition and abuse of (dominant position, certain agreements, discipline, marketing practices)
• Approval of mergers
• Competition commission of Pakistan (established, composition, term)
• Functions and powers of commission
• Provisions as to penalty and appeals

VI. Electronic Transaction Ordinance, 2002

• Definitions
• Recognition and presumption of electronic transactions (writing, signature, stamp duty, attestation etc.)
• Electronic documents (attribution, acknowledgement, time and place of dispatch)
• Certification of service providers
• Application to acts done outside Pakistan
• Offences & Nature (false information, false certificates, damage to information system etc)

VII. The Arbitration Law in Pakistan

• Definitions
• Appointment, number and removal of arbitrator
• Award by arbitrator
• Powers of court upon award (remittance, modification and setting aside of award)
• Types of arbitration (with or without intervention of court)
• Stay of legal proceedings in presence of arbitration agreement

VIII. Consumer’s Protection Act, 2006

• Definitions
• Consumer Commission (establishment, powers and functions, complaints before commission and disposal)
• Provisions as to compulsory recall of goods
• Duties and liabilities of provider of goods (return and refund of goods)
• Offences and penalties
• Contract between consumer and provider

IX. Companies Ordinance, 1984

• Definitions
• Types of Companies
• Fundamental papers of company (Memorandum of association, articles of association, prospectus)
• Transfer of shares and debentures
• Management and administration (promoters, share holders, directors, chief executive, auditors)
• Meeting’s and proceedings (statutory, general, annual general meeting)
• Winding up (voluntary, by court)

X. Electronic Fund Transfer Act, 2007

• Definitions
• Payment system and their operation (designation of payment system & revocation, real time gross settlement system, governance & operation arrangement)
• Payment instruments (designation, issuing and prohibition of instruments)
• Clearing and other obligations
• Supervisory Control of state bank
• Documentation of transfers
• Notification of error and liabilities of parties
• Law relating to action before court

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CSS Muslim Law and Jurisprudence Syllabus

Muslim Law & Jurisprudence

CSS Muslim Law and Jurisprudence Syllabus
Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

I. The Sources of Islamic Law

• The Quran
• The Sunnah
• Ijma
• Qiyas
• Ijtehad

II. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudenc

III. Islamic Criminal Law

• Hadd
• Taz’ir
• Qisas and Diyat

IV. Islamic Family Law

• Marriage
• Dower
• Divorce
• Separation by Repudiation (Talaq)
• Separation by Mutual Agreement (Khula)
• Judicial Separation (Faskh)
• Post-Divorce Maintenance
• Child Custody
• Succession

V. Islamic Law of Contract
VI. Islamic Banking and Insurance
VII. Islamic International Law
VIII. Islamic Law and Human Rights
IX. Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939
X. Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 196

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CSS International Law Syllabus

CSS International Law Syllabus
Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.

• The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law, The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.

II. Relation between International Law and State Law.

• Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law.

III. State in General and Recognition

• Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of State and Government in National Law.

IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties

• The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

V. The Settlement of International Disputes.

• Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.

VI. International Humanitarian Law.

• International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War, Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.

VII. The Use of Force

• The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of Force, The Right of Self-Defence.

VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty
X. State Responsibility
XI. State Jurisdiction
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations
XIII. The State and the Individual
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities
XVII. Neutrality

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CSS Constitutional LAW Syllabus

Constitutional Law

CSS Constitutional LAW Syllabus
Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

I. Definition and Scope of Constitutional Law, Basic Constitutional Concepts (Constitutional Conventions, Rule of Law, Due Process), Constitutional Structures (Parliamentary, Presidential, Separation of Powers), Judiciary (Independence of Judiciary, Judicial Review, Theories of Constitutional Interpretation) Fundamental Human and Political Rights and Civil Liberties (freedom of speech, association, assembly, movement and Right to Counsel, life, property, religion, privacy, self incrimination, double jeopardy).

II. Principles of Constitutional Law with special reference to United Kingdom, United States of America, France, Russia, China, Pakistan, India and Turkey.

III. Constitutional History of Pakistan: Principles of Constitutional Law of Pakistan, Salient feature of the Government of India Act, 1935, Indian Independence Act 1947, Objectives Resolution 1949, Constitutions of 1956, 1962 and 1973, Abrogation and Suspension of the Constitutions and the Martial Laws, Legal Framework Order, 1970, The PCO of 1981, The RCO of 1985, The LFO-2002, Amendments in the 1973 Constitution.

IV. Legal Development:

• Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan v. Federation of Pakistan PLD 1955 Sindh 96
• Federation of Pakistan vs. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, PLD 1955 FC 240
• Reference by the Governor-General PLD 1955 FC 435
• State v. Dosso PLD 1958 SC 533
• Usif Patel v. Crown PLD 1955 FC 387
• Begum Nusrat Bhutto v. Chief of the Army Staff PLD 1977 SC 657
• Hakim Khan v. Government of Pakistan PLD 1992 SC 595
• Nawaz Sharif v. President of Pakistan PLD 1993 SC 473
• Benazir Bhutto v. the President of Pakistan PLD 1992 SC 492
• Khawaja Muhammad Sharif, PLD 1988 Lah. 725
• Federation of Pakistan v. Haji Saifullah Khan PLD 1989 SC 166
• Khawaja Ahmad Tariq Rahim PLD 1992 SC 646
• Benazir Bhutto v. President of Pakistan, PLD 1998 SC 388
• Asma Jilani v. Government of the Punjab PLD 1972 SC 139
• State v. Zia ur Rehman PLD 1973 SC 49
• Mahmood Khan Achakzai v. Fed. of Pakistan PLD 1997 SC 426
• Zafar Ali Shah v. General Pervez Musharraf, PLD 2000 SC 869
• Sindh High Court Association v. Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2009 SC 879

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CSS Law Syllabus

Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

I. Definitions of Crime

II. All Provisions of:

• Concept of arbitration, arbitration with or without intervention of court and in civil suits.
• Establishment of Civil Courts with their Original & Appellate Jurisdiction.
• The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
• Pakistan Penal Code, 1860
• Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984
• Criminal Procedure Code, 1898

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English Literature

CSS English Literature Paper Syllabus
Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

The paper is divided into six components along with the marks allocation for each component.

I. Essays: (10 Marks)

• Bertrand Russell (The Conquest of Happiness)
• George Orwell (Politics and the English Language; The Prevention of Literature)
• Ralph Waldo Emerson (The Transcendentalist; Self-Reliance)

II. Short Stories: (10 Marks)

• Somerset Maugham (The Lotus-Eater)
• G.K.Chesterton (A Somewhat Improbable Story)
• O’Henry (The Gift of the Magi)

III. Poetry: (20 marks)

• William Wordsworth (Resolution and Independence; Lines Composed Few Miles Above, Tintern Abbey)
• John Keats (Ode to a Nightingale; Ode to Autumn)
• Lord Alfred Tennyson (Ulysses; The Lady of Shalott)
• Yeats (A Dialogue of Self and Soul; The Second Coming)
• Eliot (The Wasteland; Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock)
• Philip Larkin (Maturity; Continuing to Live; The Trees)
• Wallace Stevens (A Postcard from the Volcano; Continual Conversation with a Silent Man; Dry Loaf) OR Walt Whitman (As I Ponder’d in Silence; Are You the New Person Drawn Toward Me?; This Moment Yearning and Thoughtful)

IV. Drama: (20 marks)

• Shakespeare (Hamlet; King Lear; Twelfth Night)
• William Congreve (The Way of the World)
• Shaw (Pygmalion; Heartbreak House )
• Harold Pinter (The Caretaker)
• Samuel Beckett (Waiting for Godot)
• Eugene O’Neill (Long Day’s Journey into Night)

V. Novels: (20 marks)

• Thomas Hardy (Far from the Madding Crowd)
• D.H. Lawrence (Sons and Lovers)
• George Orwell (Nineteen Eighty-four)
• James Joyce (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man)
• Iris Murdoch (Under the Net)
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter) or William Faulkner (The Sound and the Fury)

VI. Literacy Theory & Criticism (20 Marks)

• Structuralism
• Marxism
• Deconstructionism
• Psychoanalytic criticism
• Feminist criticism
• Postcolonial Criticism

NOTE: The texts are mentioned in brackets in front of each author’s name. However, for the component on “Literary Theory and Criticism” and for understanding poetry and drama, particularly 20th century poetry and Drama.

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English Literature

CSS English Literature Paper Syllabus
Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

The paper is divided into six components along with the marks allocation for each component.

I. Essays: (10 Marks)

• Bertrand Russell (The Conquest of Happiness)
• George Orwell (Politics and the English Language; The Prevention of Literature)
• Ralph Waldo Emerson (The Transcendentalist; Self-Reliance)

II. Short Stories: (10 Marks)

• Somerset Maugham (The Lotus-Eater)
• G.K.Chesterton (A Somewhat Improbable Story)
• O’Henry (The Gift of the Magi)

III. Poetry: (20 marks)

• William Wordsworth (Resolution and Independence; Lines Composed Few Miles Above, Tintern Abbey)
• John Keats (Ode to a Nightingale; Ode to Autumn)
• Lord Alfred Tennyson (Ulysses; The Lady of Shalott)
• Yeats (A Dialogue of Self and Soul; The Second Coming)
• Eliot (The Wasteland; Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock)
• Philip Larkin (Maturity; Continuing to Live; The Trees)
• Wallace Stevens (A Postcard from the Volcano; Continual Conversation with a Silent Man; Dry Loaf) OR Walt Whitman (As I Ponder’d in Silence; Are You the New Person Drawn Toward Me?; This Moment Yearning and Thoughtful)

IV. Drama: (20 marks)

• Shakespeare (Hamlet; King Lear; Twelfth Night)
• William Congreve (The Way of the World)
• Shaw (Pygmalion; Heartbreak House )
• Harold Pinter (The Caretaker)
• Samuel Beckett (Waiting for Godot)
• Eugene O’Neill (Long Day’s Journey into Night)

V. Novels: (20 marks)

• Thomas Hardy (Far from the Madding Crowd)
• D.H. Lawrence (Sons and Lovers)
• George Orwell (Nineteen Eighty-four)
• James Joyce (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man)
• Iris Murdoch (Under the Net)
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter) or William Faulkner (The Sound and the Fury)

VI. Literacy Theory & Criticism (20 Marks)

• Structuralism
• Marxism
• Deconstructionism
• Psychoanalytic criticism
• Feminist criticism
• Postcolonial Criticism

NOTE: The texts are mentioned in brackets in front of each author’s name. However, for the component on “Literary Theory and Criticism” and for understanding poetry and drama, particularly 20th century poetry and Drama.

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CSS Zoology Syllabus

Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

I. Animal Diversity-Invertebrates

• Architectural pattern of an animal, Taxonomy and phylogeny, Major subdivisions of animal kingdom.
• Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa: evolutionary perspective, locomotion and reproduction, Protozoa of veterinary and medical importance.
• Porifera: Body wall, skeleton and water currents system. Coelenterates: Reproduction plan and alteration of generation (Polymorphism), Coral reefs.
• Platyhelminthes and Nematodes: Parasitic adaptations and medical importance. Annelids: Metamerism and ecological importance.
• Molluscs: Modification of foot, Feeding and their role in the shell fishery.
• Arthropods: Modification in their mouth parts, Role of arthropods as vectors in the transmission in microbial infection. Arthropods and their ecological importance.
• Echinoderms: Characteristics, Evolutionary perspective, Relationships to other animals; echinoderm characteristics.

II. Animal Diversity-Chordata

• Hemichordates and Invertebrate Chordates: Evolutionary Perspective: Phylogenetic Relationships and considerations.
• Fishes: Structural and functional adaptations of fishes.
• Amphibians: Movement onto land and early evolution of terrestrial vertebrates.
• Reptiles: Characteristics of reptiles, adaptations in reptilians.
• Birds: Migration and navigation, adaptations.
• Mammals: Structural and functional adaptations of mammals.

III. Principles of Animal Life

• The chemical basis of animal life: Brief introduction to bio-molecules; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
• Cell concept and cell theory, Organization of cellular organelle (their structure and functions), Central dogma of cell biology (Transcription and Translation), Meiosis and Mitosis.
• Protozoa: Reproduction pattern in protozoan, Parasitism in protozoan
• Mesozoza and Parazoa: Porifera: Cells types, body wall and skeleton and water currents system, Coelenterata: Reproduction plan and alteration of generation (Polymorphism).
• Tissues Types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues; organs and organ systems.
• Enzymes function and factors affecting their activity, cofactors and coenzymes. Energy Harvesting: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration the major source of ATP.
• Mendel’s law of inheritance, Chromosomal basis of inheritance, Multiple alleles, Eukaryotic chromosomes: Mutations and chromosomal aberrations.
• Ecological Concepts: Interactions, Concepts and components of ecosystem, Food chain, Food web, Biogeochemical cycles, Forests, Biomes, Wildlife conservation and management, Environmental pollution, Green house effect, Acid rain, Global warming and climate change.
• Evolution: Darwinian evolutionary theory based on natural selection and the evidence, Microevolution: Genetic variation and change within species, Macroevolution: Species and speciation (Allopatric, Parapatric and Sympatric speciation).

IV. Animal Form and Function

• Protection, Support and Movement: Integumentary system of invertebrates and vertebrates; Animal muscles: the muscular system of invertebrates and vertebrates.
• Digestion and Nutrition: Feeding mechanism, Digestion, Organization and regional function of alimentary canal, Regulation of food intake, Nutritional requirements.
• Internal Fluids and Respiration: Internal fluid environment, Composition of blood, Circulation and respiration mechanisms.
• Homeostasis: Excretion, Vertebrate kidney mechanisms, Temperature regulation.
• Nervous Coordination: Nervous system and Senses: Functional units of nervous system, Synapses junctions between nerves.
• Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System; Vertebrate endocrine glands and types of hormones, Mechanism of hormones action,
• Animal Behavior: Learning, Habituation, Insight learning, latent learning, classical learning: Control of Behavior; social behavior.

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CSS Botany Syllabus

Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

I. Algae, Fungi and Bryophytes

• Phycology: Distribution, Classification, Structure, Life History and Economic importance of the main groups of Algae.
• Mycology and Plant Pathology: Structure, Reproduction, Classification and Economic importance of the main groups of Fungi. Diseases of economically important crops and general principles of their control
• Bryology: Structure and reproduction of bryophytes, Evolution of Gametophyte and Sporophyte.

II. Peteridophyta and Gymnosperms

• General account with special reference to structure, life history and affinities of both Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Ontogeny and structure of seed, classification and economic importance of Gymnosperms.

III. Anatomy and Embryology

• Primary and secondary tissues. Meristems. Secondary growth in dicot stem. Anatomy of leaf, stem and root.
• Micro and megasporogenesis, pollination mechanism, fertilization, development of Embryo and Endosperm, Seed dispersal.

IV. Taxonomy of Angiosperms

• Systems of classification. Rules of botanical nomenclature. Concepts of speciation. Introduction to modern trends in plant taxonomy: bio-systematic, chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy. General characters and economic importance of common angiosperm families.

V. Plant Physiology

• Plant water relations, Osmotic Quantities, component potentials of water and their role in transport, water absorption by roots, transpiration. Role of essential mineral elements and their uptake. Plant hormones. Photoperiodism, Vernalization. Dormancy and Seed germination.Enzymes.
• Photosynthesis: Plant pigments, Light reaction, CO2 fixation, Mechanism of photophosphorylation.
• Respiration: Glycolysis, Kreb cycle, Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.

VI. Ecology

• Influence of climatic, edaphic and biotic factors on plant growth. Vegetation sampling techniques. Concepts of ecosystems and their productivity, ecological energetics, Pyramids (of numbers, biomass and energy), trophic levels, food chains and food webs. Biogeochemical cycles (Hydrological and Nitrogen). Succession.
• Causes and reclamation of soil salinity and water logging in Pakistan. Soil erosion, its control and soil conservation methods. Deforestation. Biodiversity conservation.Pollution.

VII. Cytology

• Cell cycle, cellular morphology, chemistry of cell wall and cell membrane, cell to cell communication, plant tissue and cell culture, cell senescence and cell death.
• Ultra-structure of various cell organelles: Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic reticulum, Plastids, Ribosomes, Glyoxysomes, Vaculoes, Nucleus.

VIII. Genetics

• Mendelian Genetics, Multiple Alleles, Polygenic inheritance, Gene interaction, Epistasis and pleiotropy, Sex-linked inheritance, Chromosomal aberrations, Mutations, DNA repair.

IX. Evolution

• Introduction of Evolution, Evolutionary history, Evolution of life, Convergent Evolution, Divergent Evolution, Parallel Evolution and Natural selection.

X. Molecular Biology

• Nucleic acids, DNA as hereditary material, DNA replication, Transcription, Genetic code, Protein synthesis, Genetic engineering and its application, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).

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Agriculture & Forestry

CSS AGRICULTURE & FORESTRY SYLLABUS
Total Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours

Part-I: Agriculture (50 marks)

I. Concept of Integrated Agriculture: Components of natural resources as bases for agriculture production (Land, Water, biological, Environmental, Solar, Energy).

II. Challenges in Pakistan’s Agriculture: Present scenario and future prospects. Analytical overview: issues and strategies for improvement of crop management, livestock management, fisheries, cottage industry, resource management and rural development. Institutions and policies: issues and options.

III. Elements of Climate and their Relationship with Crop Growth: Farming Systems, biological nitrogen fixation, soil profile, structure and texture, soil fertility, soil erosion and conservation, water logging and salinity.

IV. Genetic Improvement for Crop Production: GMO crops, Seed production technology.

V. Horticulture: Floriculture, landscaping, pests and diseases of agriculture crops and their control, integrated pest management.

VI. Rainfield and Irrigated Agriculture: Agriculture mechanization, land tenure and land reforms, role of agriculture in national economy.

Part-II: Forestry (50 marks)

• Forest, rangelands and wildlife importance and significance
• Forest management and utilization, wood based industries in Pakistan, silviculture
• Range management and utilization
• National and international forest wealth statistics
• Role of wildlife as value addition to forestry
• Forest based wildlife resources of Pakistan and their management, eco-tourism
• Forestry, agroforestry, social forestry and forest biometrics
• Socio-economic and ecological impact of man made forests
• Watershed Management and role of forests in prevailing climate change dilemma
• National forest laws and policies at national level, biodiversity & environment

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